Follmann Balanitis: An Unusual Case of Syphilis.

A 33-year-old man presented with suprapubic abdominal pain and small vesicular lesions on the foreskin of the penis. Based on the presentation, he was empirically treated for genital herpes, although the herpes simplex virus swab was negative. He returned to the emergency department 4 months after his initial presentation with worsening symptoms that were consistent with balanoposthitis and cystitis. He was tachycardic and febrile on presentation. He denied any sexual contact for the last 3 months, with previous negative screening tests for sexually transmitted infections. Syphilis was eventually diagnosed during this admission. The incidence rates of syphilis have increased in recent years, and the infection is often undiagnosed given atypical manifestations. Here we present an atypical manifestation of syphilis that was initially misdiagnosed as herpes simplex virus.

[Balanoposthitis in the clinical practice of a urologist and dermatovenereologist: an interdisciplinary problem].

Balanoposthitis is a common inflammatory disease of the male genitals, which occurs more often in uncircumcised men. The cause of balanoposthitis can be an infectious, inflammatory or autoimmune process, as well as traumatization. In most cases, after proper intimate hygiene and the use of neutral moisturizers, the symptoms of balanoposthitis are completely stopped. In the case of torpid course of balanoposthitis and in the absence of improvement after drug therapy, it is necessary to exclude the malignant process. In the review article, the authors present the data of modern scientific research on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiome in balanoposthitis. Differences in the composition of the microbiome were revealed in patients with balanoposthitis and healthy patients from the control group with excess foreskin. It was found that in patients with balanoposthitis, a impaired in hydration of the skin of the glans penis was revealed. Staphylococcus warneri and Prevotella bivia are the most common species associated with balanoposthitis and positively correlate with the severity of the disease. Candida infection, as an etiological factor of balanoposthitis, often occurs in children and may be associated with diaper rash. The prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis as a pathogen in the male urogenital tract has not been fully studied. Currently, there are no reliable scientific studies that make it possible to attribute G. vaginalis to the etiological factor of balanoposthitis in men. However, it should be borne in mind that balanoposthitis may have a polymicrobial and synergistic etiology with the participation of G. vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria in the lower genital tract of men. The review article is clearly illustrated with clinical examples of the disease from the personal practice of the authors.

Balanoposthitis. / Balanopostitt.

Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the glans penis and/or prepuce. It is a common condition with diverse aetiology. A targeted medical history and clinical examination are needed for correct diagnosis and treatment. This clinical review is a summary of the diagnostic process and treatment of balanoposthitis. The work is based on a selection of clinical guidelines and literature, as well as clinical experience from a dermatovenereology outpatient clinic.

[Ulcerative Zoon's balanitis]. / Balanite de Zoon ulcérée.

Zoon's balanitis is a rare genital dermatosis of unknown etiology, usually presenting as a red-orange macule or plaque with a «cayenne pepper¼ appearance on the glans and/or foreskin. Unfortunately, atypical presentations are not uncommon, including vegetating or ulcerative lesions. Usually, it affects middle-age to older uncircumcised men. Although it is a benign pathology, Zoon's balanitis may be superimposed on another inflammatory or neoplastic dermatosis. As topical treatments are generally non satisfactory and relapses are usual on treatment with-drawal, circumcision remains an interesting option with usually a rapid and complete remission of the symptoms.

La balanite de Zoon est une dermatose génitale peu fréquente d'étiologie inconnue, se présentant habituellement par une macule ou une plaque de couleur rouge- orange avec un aspect en «poivre de cayenne¼, sur le gland et/ou le prépuce. Néanmoins, des formes atypiques, végétantes ou ulcérées, sont possibles. Elle touche plus souvent l'homme d'âge moyen à avancé et non circoncis. Il s'agit d'une pathologie bénigne, mais qui peut se surajouter à d'autres dermatoses inflammatoires ou néoplasiques. Les traitements topiques ne sont pas très efficaces et entraînent généralement une récidive à l'arrêt, tandis que la circoncision permet souvent une disparition rapide et complète des symptômes.

Syphilitic balanitis of Follmann in a patient with a history of previous infection.

We report a case of syphilitic balanitis of Follmann arising in a man with a history of prior infection with syphilis. Few cases have been described in the literature. In our case, a man with history of multiple unprotected sexual contacts presented with erosive balanitis and painless inguinal bilateral lymphadenopathy. All tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) performed were negative with the exception of serology for syphilis. We made the diagnosis of syphilitic balanitis of Follmann that was confirmed by prompt resolution after treatment.

2022 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis.

BACKGROUND: This guideline is an update to the 2014 edition of the European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis. Balanoposthitis describes inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce and is caused by a range of disparate conditions including infection, dermatoses and premalignancy. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this guideline are to aid recognition of the symptoms and signs and complications of penile skin conditions and to offer recommendations on the diagnostic tests and treatment for a selected group of these conditions. METHODS: The previous guideline was updated following a literature review and priority was given to randomized controlled trial and systematic review evidence. RESULTS: The updated guideline includes amended management for infective balanitis to provide clear guidance for Group A streptococcal infections, management of on going Lichen sclerosus (to include circumcision and supportive management to reduce the recurrence of genital herpes and warts), additional regimens for Zoonoid change, use of calcineurin inhibitors in management and risk of premalignancy and change of nomenclaturefrom Premalignant conditions to Penile Intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN). CONCLUSION: Balanoposthitis has a widerange of causes high quality evidence specific to the management of penile disease is not available for all the conditions described.

Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis: a series of eight cases.

BACKGROUND: Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis (PEKMB) is a clinicopathological entity characterized clinically by micaceous scale on the glans, and histologically by acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. We present a series of eight cases of this rare condition, the first series of more than two cases to be reported. OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical and histological characteristics of cases of PEKMB, and evaluate treatments used and clinical course. METHODS: This monocentric case series was conducted at the University College London Hospitals tertiary male genital dermatology clinic between April 2018 and August 2020. Eight patients with PEKMB were evaluated. Data were collected on demographics, clinical presentation, histological features, presence of human papilloma virus (HPV), history of lichen sclerosus, treatment of PEKMB and subsequent response, and presence or development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) during follow-up. RESULTS: Eight Caucasian males presented with clinical and histological evidence of PEKMB. Seven had a background of lichen sclerosus; two had failed treatment with superpotent topical steroids and four had symptoms for three or more years prior to circumcision. There was no clinical or histological relationship with HPV infection, and p16 staining was negative. HPV PCR, performed in two cases, was negative. Basal atypia, insufficient to amount to PeIN, was present in six patients. One patient progressed to PeIN during follow-up, and no patient progressed to invasive malignancy. Five patients were treated successfully with glans resurfacing and split skin graft reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations demonstrate that PEKMB represents a form of chronic, undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, inadequately treated or treatment refractory, unstable lichen sclerosus. The significant potential for squamous carcinogenesis (differentiated PeIN and verrucous carcinoma) can be mitigated by timely diagnosis and treatment. Glans resurfacing and split skin graft reconstruction appears to be a successful treatment modality in patients with refractory disease.

Candidiasis presenting as pseudocircinate balanitis in a preschooler.

Candidal balanitis typically affects sexually active adult males and may present as eroded papules, pustules, whitish discharge or erythema with dry glazed appearance. We report an unusual presentation of this common infection in an uncommon demographic, candidal balanitis presenting as coalescent vesicles and erosions arranged in an arcuate pattern in a pre-school child.

Urologic dermatology: a comprehensive foray into the noninfectious etiologies of balanitis.

Balanitis is classically defined as inflammation of the glans penis, often also encompassing the prepuce (balanoposthitis). Several investigations have found that a sizable proportion of urology clinic visits are due to balanitis or related complaints. Balanitis can have numerous complications, including severe pain, urethral stenosis, phimosis, sexual dysfunction, and if untreated, malignancy. Unfortunately, there is no recent or comprehensive review that describes the various etiologies, clinical workup, and treatments for balanitis. Herein this review, we attempt to provide the reader with a complete and updated guide to balanitis in an attempt to improve clinical outcomes.

Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis: low-risk human papilloma virus detection in two further cases.

We report two cases of histologically documented pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis in middle-aged male patients, which showed positivity for low-risk serotype human papillomavirus DNA. To our knowledge, only one other case has been documented. Further immunohistochemical proliferative markers were performed and compared to literature findings in penile epithelial proliferations. Evolution to invasive verrucous carcinoma has been associated with absence of HPV DNA. Thus, if confirmed by further studies, HPV testing should be included in pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis assessment to address prognosis, and management.